Bovidae-based gelatin: Extractions method,physicochemical and functional properties,applications, and future trends

Gelatin is one of the most important multifunctional biopolymers and is widely used as an essential ingredient in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. Porcine gelatin is regarded as the leading source of gelatin globally then followed by bovine gelatin. Porcine sources are favored over other sources since they are less expensive. However, porcine gelatin is religiously prohibited to be consumed by Muslims and the Jewish community. It is predicted that the global demand for gelatin will increase significantly in the future. Therefore, a sustainable source of gelatin with efficient production and free of disease transmission must be developed. The highest quality of Bovidae-based gelatin (BG) was acquired through alkaline pretreatment, which displayed excellent physicochemical and rheological properties. The utilization of mammalian- and plant-based enzyme significantly increased the gelatin yield. The emulsifying and foaming properties of BG also showed good stability when incorporated into food and pharmaceutical products. Manipulation of extraction conditions has enabled the development of custom-made gelatin with desired properties. This review highlighted the various modifications of extraction and processing methods to improve the physicochemical and functional properties of Bovidae-based gelatin. An in-depth analysis of the crucial stage of collagen breakdown is also discussed, which involved acid, alkaline, and enzyme pretreatment, respectively. In addition, the unique characteristics and primary qualities of BG including protein content, amphoteric property, gel strength, emulsifying and viscosity properties, and foaming ability were presented. Finally, the applications and prospects of BG as the preferred gelatin source globally were outlined.     

A numerical model to predict the powder–binder separation during micro-powder injection molding

The micro-powder injection molding (micro-PIM) process has the potential to bridge the gap between the design and manufacturing of micro-components that are often used in small and handy devices. Numerical modeling helps to analyze and overcome various difficulties of micro-PIM. In the present work, a numerical model is developed to predict the powder–binder separation (a common defect in PIM and especially severe in micro-PIM) during the injection of an alumina feedstock. A powder–binder separation criterion is proposed dealing with applied injection pressure and friction force between the powder and binder. An indirect comparison of feedstock travel time between two locations is used to validate the model. The predicted segregation from the simulated result is supported by a qualitative experimental measurement. The developed model can be used to optimize injection parameters to get a defect-free product.     

Performance Analysis of Linear and Hybrid Precoding on Massive MIMO System Using Truncated Polynomial Expansion

Wireless Personal Communications - In a communication system, ultra-wideband (UWB) is the most promising solution because of its high speed, high data rate, and short-range communication. However,...     

Synthesis of Fast Finite State Machines on Programmable Logic Integrated Circuits by Splitting Internal States

Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International - A method for the synthesis of fast finite state machines on programmable logic integrated circuits such as field-programmable gate arrays is...     

Annealing of Mineral-Like Host Matrices for High-Level Waste Immobilization

Inorganic Materials - We have studied the effect of annealing on the chemical and physical properties of mineral-like host matrices for immobilization of the rare-earth–actinide fraction from...     

Materials systems for interleave toughening in polymer composites

We review the literature describing the use of interleaves to increase interlaminar fracture toughness in fibre-reinforced polymer composites and hence to improve damage tolerance. From an analysis of data provided in the literature from the use of microfibre and nanofibre interleaves, we show that the performance of these widely researched systems is clearly differentiated when plotted against the mean coverage of the interleaf. Using a simple analysis, we suggest that this can be attributed to the influence of their porous architectures on the infusion of resin. We show also that the superior toughening performance of microfibre interleaves is only weakly influenced by the choice of fibre. We find also that the inclusion of carbon nanotubes within interleaves to deliver multifunctional composites can be optimised by using a hybrid system with microfibres.

Graphical abstract

     

Intermetallic and dispersoid structures in aa3104 Aluminum alloy during two-step homogenisation

During homogenisation of the AA3104 cast ingot, a phase transformation of intermetallic particles from β-Al₆(Fe,Mn) orthorhombic phase to harder α-Al_x(Fe,Mn)₃Si₂ cubic phase occurs. The large constituent intermetallic particles, regardless of phase, assist in the recrystallisation nucleation process through particle stimulated nucleation (PSN). Ultimately, this helps to refine grain size. The sub-micron dispersoids act to impede grain boundary migration through a Zener drag mechanism. For this reason, the dispersoids that form during homogenisation are critical in the recrystallisation kinetics during subsequent rolling, with smaller dispersoids being better suited to reverse rolling mills. This work simulates an industrial two-step homogenisation practice with variations in the peak temperature of the first step between 560 °C and 580 °C. The effect of this temperature variation on the intermetallic particle-phase evolution is investigated. The aim is to identify the ideal intermetallic phase balance and the dispersoid structure that are best suited for hot rolling on a single stand reversing mill, in order to minimise recrystallisation during rolling through maximising Zener drag and maintaining galling resistance. The results indicate a trend where an increase in homogenisation temperature from 560 °C to 580 °C yields, firstly, an increase in the volume fraction of the α-phase particles to greater than 50% of the total volume fraction at both the edge and the center of the ingot and, secondly, it yields an increased dispersoid size. Thus, in the context of a reverse rolling operation, a lower temperature homogenisation practice produces a near-ideal combination of intermetallic particle-phase distribution, as well as dispersoid size, which is critical for Zener drag and the minimization of recrystallisation during the hot rolling processes.

Graphical abstract

SEM BEI images and corresponding EDS maps, highlighting the variation in intermetallic particle phase balance, size and morphology after homogenisation at different temperatures. With a focus on the exaggerated differences seen between material the center of and at the edge of a DC cast ingot of AA3104 Aluminum alloy.

     

Localization of isotropic and anisotropic wireless sensor networks in 2D and 3D fields

Telecommunication Systems - Internet of Things (IoT) has changed the way people live by transforming everything into smart systems. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) forms an important part of IoT....     

Irradiation with Argon Ions of Cr/4H-SiC Photodetectors

Semiconductors - The results of the effect of irradiation with Ar ions on the structural, electrophysical, and optical characteristics of ultraviolet Cr/4H-SiC photodetectors in the spectral range...     

Use of by-Product Gasoline Fractions Produced by Combining Fuel and Petrochemical Production

Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils - This article considers the alternatives for treatment of the raffinate produced at a unit for the extraction of benzene-containing fractions and the...